Everything about Richard Burton totally explained
Richard Burton,
CBE (
November 10 1925 –
August 5 1984) was a seven-time
Academy Award-nominated, double
BAFTA- and double
Golden Globe-winning
Welsh actor. He was at one time the highest-paid actor in
Hollywood.
Childhood and education
Richard Burton was born
Richard Walter Jenkins in the village of
Pontrhydyfen, Wales,
UK, near
Port Talbot. He grew up in a working-class,
Welsh-speaking household, the twelfth of thirteen children. His father was a short, robust coal miner, a “twelve-pints a-day man” who sometimes went off on drinking and gambling sprees for weeks. Burton later claimed, by family telling, that “He looked very much like me...That is, he was pockmarked, devious, and smiled a great deal when he was in trouble. He was, also, a man of extraordinary eloquence, tremendous passion, great violence”.
Burton's mother, Edith, died after the last birth, before he was two years old. In 1927, his sister Cecilia 'Cis' and her husband Elfed, in nearby Port Talbot (an
English-speaking steel town) took him into her mining family where he was raised a
Presbyterian and remained for many years. Burton said later that his sister became “more mother to me than any mother could have ever been...I was immensely proud of her…she felt all tragedies except her own”. His father would make occasional appearances at the homes of his grown sisters but was otherwise absent. Also formative in his early life was his older brother Ifor, nineteen years his senior, who became Burton's idol and protector. A miner and rugby star, Ifor would continue to be a close companion later in Burton's life.
Burton showed a talent for English and Welsh literature at
grammar school, and demonstrated an excellent memory, though his consuming interest was sports—rugby, cricket, and table tennis. He later said, “I would rather have played for Wales at Cardiff Arms Park than Hamlet at Old Vic”. He earned pocket money by running messages, hauling horse manure, and delivering newspapers. He started to smoke at age eight and drink regularly at twelve. With the inspiration of his schoolmaster, Philip H. Burton, he excelled in school productions, his first being
The Apple Cart. Philip couldn't legally adopt Burton because their age difference was one shy of the minimum twenty years required. Burton early on displayed an excellent speaking and singing voice and won an eisteddfod prize as a boy soprano.
Burton left school at sixteen for full-time work. He worked for the local wartime Co-Operative committee, handing out supplies in exchange for coupons, but then considered other professions for his future, including boxing, religion, and singing. Philip Burton later said, “Richard was my son to all intents and purposes. I was committed to him”. Philip Burton tutored his charge intensely in school subjects and also worked at developing the youth's acting voice, including outdoor voice drills which improved his projection.
In 1943, at the age of eighteen, Richard Burton (who had now taken his teacher's surname), was allowed into
Exeter College, Oxford for a special term of six months study, made possible because he was an air force cadet obligated to later military service. He subsequently did serve in the
RAF (1944-1947) as a navigator. Burton's eyesight was too poor for him to be considered pilot material. He had made his professional acting debut in
Liverpool and
London, appearing in
Druid's Rest, a play by Emlyn Williams (who also became a guru), but his career was interrupted by conscription in 1944. Early on as an actor, he developed the habit of toting around a book-bag filled with novels, dictionaries, a complete Shakespeare, and books of quotations, history, and biography, to stoke his mind and stimulate conversation. He was also an enthusiastic crossword puzzle solver. His Welsh love of language was paramount, as he famously stated years later, with a tearful
Elizabeth Taylor at his side, “The only thing in life is language. Not love. Not anything else.”
In 1947, after his discharge from the RAF, Burton went to London to seek his fortune. He immediately signed up with a theatrical agency to make himself available for casting calls. His first film was
The Last Days of Dolwyn, set in a Welsh village about to be drowned to provide a reservoir. His reviews praised him for his “acting fire, manly bearing, and good looks”.
Burton met his future wife, the young actress
Sybil Williams, on the set, and they married in February 1949. They had two daughters, but divorced in 1963, after Burton's widely reported affair with
Elizabeth Taylor. In the years of his marriage to Sybil, Burton appeared in the
West End in a highly successful production of
The Lady's Not For Burning, alongside Sir
John Gielgud and
Claire Bloom, in both the London and NewYork productions. He had small parts in various British films:
Now Barabbas Was A Robber;
Waterfront (1950) with
Robert Newton;
The Woman with No Name (1951); and a bigger part as a smuggler in
Green Grow the Rushes, a
B-movie.
Reviewers took notice of Burton, “he has all the qualifications of a leading man that the British film industry so badly needs at this juncture: youth, good looks, a photogenic face, obviously alert intelligence, and a trick of getting the maximum of attention with a minimum of fuss”. In the 1951 season at Stratford, he gave a critically acclaimed performance and achieved stardom as Prince Hal in Shakespeare's
Henry IV, Part 1 opposite
Anthony Quayle's
Falstaff. Philip Burton arrived at Strafford to help coach his former charge, and he noted in his memoir that Quayle and Richard Burton had their differences about the interpretation of the Prince Hal role. Richard Burton was already demonstrating the same independence and competitiveness as an actor that he displayed off-stage in drinking, sport, or story-telling.
Kenneth Tynan said of Burton's performance, “His playing of Prince Hal turned interested speculation to awe almost as soon as he started to speak; in the first intermission to local critics stood agape in the lobbies”.Lauren Bacall recalled, “Bogie loved him. We all did. You had no alternative." Burton bought the first of many cars and celebrated by increasing his drinking. The following year, Burton signed a five-year contract with
Alexander Korda at £100 a week, launching his Hollywood career.
Hollywood and later career
In 1952, Burton successfully made the transition to a
Hollywood star; on the recommendation of
Daphne du Maurier, he was given the leading role in
My Cousin Rachel opposite
Olivia de Havilland. Burton arrived on the Hollywood scene at a time when the studios were struggling. Television's rise was drawing away viewers and the studios looked to new stars and new film technology to staunch the bleeding.
20th Century Fox negotiated with Korda to borrow him for this film and a further two at $50,000 a film. The film was a critical success. It established Burton as a Hollywood leading man and won him his first Academy Award nomination and the
Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor. In
Desert Rats (1953), Burton plays a young English captain in the North African campaign during World War II who takes charge of a hopelessly out-numbered Australian unit against the indominable Field Marshal
Erwin Rommel (
James Mason). Mason, another actor known for his distinctive voice and excellent elocution, became a friend of Burton's and introduced the new actor to the Hollywood crowd. In short order, he met
Judy Garland,
Greta Garbo,
Stewart Granger,
Jean Simmons,
Deborah Kerr, and
Cole Porter, and Burton met up again with
Humphrey Bogart. At a party, he met a pregnant
Elizabeth Taylor, then Mrs.
Michael Wilding, whose first impression of Burton was that “he was rather full of himself. I seem to remember that he never stopped talking, and I'd given him the cold fish eye”.
The following year he created a sensation by starring in
The Robe, the first film to be shot in the wide-screen process
Cinemascope, winning another
Oscar nomination.
Tyrone Power was originally cast in the role of Marcellus, a noble but decadent Roman who finds Christianity through his wife
Jean Simmons and his Greek slave
Victor Mature. It marked a resurgence in Biblical blockbusters. Burton was offered a seven-year, $1 million contract by
Darryl Zanuck at Fox, but he turned it down, though later the contract was revived and he agreed to it. It has been suggested that remarks Burton made about blacklisting Hollywood while filming
The Robe may have explained his failure to ever win an Oscar, despite receiving seven nominations.
In 1954, Burton took his most famous radio role, as the narrator in the original production of
Dylan Thomas'
Under Milk Wood, a role he'd reprise in the film version twenty years later. He was also the narrator, as
Winston Churchill, in the highly successful television documentary series
The Valiant Years in 1960.
Stage career
Burton was still juggling theatre with film, playing
Hamlet and
Coriolanus at the
Old Vic Theatre in 1953 and alternating the roles of
Iago and
Othello with the Old Vic's other rising matinee idol
John Neville. Hamlet was a challenge that both terrified and attracted him, as it was a role many of his peers in the British theater had undertaken, including
John Gielgud and
Laurence Olivier. Bogart, on the other hand, warned him as Burton left Hollywood, “I never know a man who played Hamlet who didn't die broke”. Once again, Philip Burton provided expert coaching.
Claire Bloom played Ophelia, and their work together led to a turbulent affair. His reviews in Hamlet were good but he received stronger praise for Coriolanus. His fellow actor Robert Hardy said, “His Coriolanus is quite easily the best I've ever seen” but Hamlet was “too strong”. Like in the play, both male stars were amoured with their leading lady, newly married Andrews. When Goulet turned to Burton for advice, Burton had none to offer, but later he admitted, “I tried everything on her myself. I couldn't get anywhere either”. Burton's reviews were excellent,
Time magazine stated that Burton “gives Arthur the skillful and vastly appealing performance that might be expected from one of England's finest young actors”. The show's album was a major seller. The Kennedys, newly in the
White House, also enjoyed the play and invited Burton for a visit, establishing the link of the idealistic, young Kennedy administration with Camelot.
He then put his stage career on the back burner to concentrate on film, although he received a third
Tony Award nomination when he reprised his
Hamlet under
John Gielgud's direction in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in
Broadway history (136 performances). The performance was immortalized on both record and on a
film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members
William Redfield and
Richard L. Sterne. Burton undertook the role just after his marriage to Taylor. Since Burton disliked wearing period clothing, Gielgud conceived a production in a "rehearsal" setting with a half-finished set and actors wearing their street clothes (carefully selected while the production really was in rehearsals). Burton's basic reading of Hamlet, which displeased some theater-goers, was of a complex, manic-depressive, but during the long run, he varied his performance considerably as a self-challenge and to keep his acting fresh. On the whole, Burton had good reviews.
Time said that Burton “put his passion into Hamlet's language rather than the character…His acting is a technician's marvel. His voice has gem-cutting precision.” The opening night party was a lavish affair, attended by six hundred celebrities, who paid homage to the couple. The most successful aspect of the production was generally considered to be
Hume Cronyn's performance as
Polonius, winning Cronyn the only
Tony Award that he'd ever receive in a competitive category.
After his
Broadway Hamlet, Burton's stage appearances were rare, although he made a memorable return to
Broadway in 1976 in
Equus, his performance as psychiatrist Martin Dysart winning both a special Tony Award for his appearance as well as the role in the 1977
film version. Burton made only two more stage appearances after that, in a high-paying touring production of
Camelot in 1980 that he was forced to leave early in the run due to a back injury (to be replaced by his friend
Richard Harris), and in a critically reviled production of
Noël Coward's
Private Lives opposite his ex-wife
Elizabeth Taylor in 1983. Most reviewers dismissed the production as a transparent attempt to capitalize on the couple's celebrity, although they grudgingly praised Burton as having the closest connection to Coward's play of anyone in the cast.
Hollywood career in the 1950s and 1960s
In terms of critical success, Burton's Hollywood roles throughout the 1950s didn't live up to the early promise of his debut. Burton returned to Hollywood to star in
The Prince of Players, another historical Cinemascope film, this time concerning
Edwin Booth, famous American actor and brother of
Abraham Lincoln's assassin
John Wilkes Booth. A weak script undermined a valiant effort by Burton, though director Dunne's take was that “The fire and intensity were there, but that was all. He hadn't yet mastered the tricks of the great movie stars, such as
Gary Cooper. Next came
Alexander The Great (1956), written, directed, and produced by Robert Rossen (Academy Award winner for
All the King's Men), with Burton in the title role, on a loan out to
United Artists, and again with Claire Bloom co-starring. Contrary to Burton's expectations, the “intelligent epic” was a wooden, slow-paced flop.
In
The Rains of Ranchipur, Burton plays a noble Hindu doctor who attempts the spiritual recovery of an adulteress (Lana Turner). Critics felt that the film lacked star chemistry, with Burton having difficulty with the accent, and relied too heavily on Cinemascope special effects including an earthquake and a collapsing dam. Burton returned to the theater in
Henry V and
Othello, alternating the roles of Iago and Othello. He and Sybil then moved to Switzerland to avoid high British taxes and to try to build a nest egg, for themselves and for Burton's family..
Then in 1958, he was offered the part of Jimmy Porter, “an angry young man” role, in the film version of
John Osborne's play
Look Back in Anger, a gritty drama about middle-class life in the British Midlands, directed by
Tony Richardson, and again with Claire Bloom as co-star. Though it didn't do well commercially (many critics felt Burton, at 33, looked too old for the part) and Burton's Hollywood box office aura seemed to be diminishing, Burton was proud of the effort and wrote to his mentor Philip Burton, “I promise you that there isn't a shred of self-pity in my performance. I'm for the first time ever looking forward to seeing a film in which I play”. Next came
The Bramble Bush and
Ice Palace in 1960, neither important to Burton's career.
After playing King Arthur in
Camelot on Broadway for six months, Burton replaced
Stephen Boyd as
Mark Antony in the troubled production
Cleopatra (1963). Twentieth Century-Fox's future appeared to hinge on what became the most expensive movie ever made up until then, reaching almost $40 million. The film proved to be the start of Burton's most successful period in Hollywood; he'd remain among the top 10 box-office earners for the next four years. During the filming, Burton met and fell in love with
Elizabeth Taylor, who was married to
Eddie Fisher. The two wouldn't be free to marry until 1965 when their respective divorces were complete. On their first meeting on the set, Burton said “Has anyone ever told you that you're a very pretty girl?” Taylor later recalled, “I said to myself,
Oy gevalt, here's the great lover, the great wit, the great intellectual of Wales, and he comes out with a line like that”. In their first scenes together, he was shaky and missing his lines, and she soothed and coached him. Soon the affair began in earnest and Sybil, seeing this as more than a passing fling with a leading lady, was unable to bear it, and she fled the set for Switzerland, then London.
The gigantic scale of the troubled production, Taylor's bouts of illness and fluctuating weight, the off-screen turbulence—all generated enormous publicity, which by-and-large the studio embraced. Zanuck stated, “I think the Taylor-Burton association is quite constructive for our organization”. The six-hour film was cut to under four, eliminating many of Burton's scenes, but the result was viewed the same—a film long on spectacle dominated by the two hottest stars in Hollywood. Their private lives turned out to be an endless source of curiosity for the media, and their marriage was also the start of a series of on-screen collaborations. In the end, the film did well enough to recoup its great cost.
Burton played Taylor's tycoon husband in
The V.I.P.s, an all-star film set in the
VIP lounge of
London Airport which proved to be a box-office hit. Then Burton portrayed the archbishop martyred by Henry II in the title role of
Becket, turning in an effective, restrained performance, contrasting with
Peter O'Toole's manic portrayal of Henry, forced by political necessity to kill his disobedient friend.
In 1964, Burton triumphed as defrocked Episcopal priest Dr. Lawrence T. Shannon in Tennessee Williams'
The Night of the Iguana directed by
John Huston, a film which became another critical and box office success. Richard Burton's performance in
The Night of the Iguana may be his finest hour on the screen, and in the process helped put the town of Puerto Vallarta on the map (the Burtons later bought a house there). Part of Burton's success was due to how well he varied his acting with the three female characters, each of which he tries to seduce differently: Ava Gardner (the randy hotel owner), Sue Lyons (the nubile American tourist), and Deborah Kerr (the poor, repressed artist).
Against his family's advice, Burton married Taylor on Sunday March 15, 1964 in
Montreal, Canada. Ever optimistic, Taylor proclaimed, “I'm so happy you can't believe it. This marriage will last forever”. At the hotel in Boston, the rabid crowd clawed at the newlyweds, Burton's coat was ripped and Taylor's ear was bloodied when someone tried to steal one of her earrings.
After an interruption playing
Hamlet on Broadway, Burton returned to film as British spy Alec Leamas in
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. Burton and Taylor continued making films together though the next one
The Sandpiper (1965) was poorly received. Following that, he and Taylor had a great success in
Mike Nichols's film (1966) of the
Edward Albee play
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, in which a bitter erudite couple spend the evening trading vicious barbs in front of their horrified and fascinated guests, played by
George Segal and
Sandy Dennis. Burton wasn't the first choice for the role of Taylor's husband.
Jack Lemmon was offered the role first, but when he backed off, Jack Warner, with Taylor's insistence, agreed on Burton and paid him his price. Albee preferred
Bette Davis and
James Mason, fearing that the Burtons' strong screen presence would dominate the film. Nichols, in his directorial debut, managed the Burtons brilliantly. The script by Hollywood veteran
Ernest Lehman broke new ground for its raw language and harsh depiction of marriage. Although all four actors received Oscar nominations for their roles in the film (the film received a total of thirteen), only Taylor and Dennis went on to win. So immersed had the Burtons become in the roles of George and Martha over the months of shooting, after the wrap Richard Burton said, “I feel rather lost”.
Their lively version of
Shakespeare's
The Taming of the Shrew (1967), directed by
Franco Zeffirelli, was a notable success. Later collaborations, however,
The Comedians (1967),
Boom! (1968), and the Burton-directed
Dr. Faustus (1967) (which had its genesis from a theatre production he staged and starred in at the
Oxford University Dramatic Society) were critical and commercial failures. He did enjoy a final commercial blockbuster with
Clint Eastwood in
Where Eagles Dare in 1968 (a favorite television re-run) but his last film of the decade,
Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), was a commercial and critical disappointment. In spite of those failures, it performed remarkably well at that year's Academy awards (receiving ten nominations, including one for Burton's performance as
Henry VIII), which many thought to be largely the result of an expensive advertising campaign by
Universal Studios.
Later career
Burton's career went into decline after that, according to many critics who accused him of accepting roles in inferior projects to collect a quick paycheck. Films he made during this period included
Bluebeard (1972),
Hammersmith Is Out (1972),
The Klansman (1974), and (1977). He did enjoy one major critical success in the 1970s in the film version of his stage hit
Equus, winning the
Golden Globe Award as well as an Academy Award nomination. Public sentiment towards his perennial frustration at not winning an Oscar made many pundits consider him the favorite to finally win the award, but on Oscar Night he lost to
Richard Dreyfuss in
The Goodbye Girl.
He found success in 1978, when he narrated
Jeff Wayne's
Musical Version of The War of the Worlds. His distinctive performance became a necessary part of the concept album - so much so that a hologram of Burton is used to narrate the live stage show (touring in 2006 and 2007) of the musical.
He went back to appearing in critically reviled films like
The Wild Geese (1978),
The Medusa Touch (1978),
Circle of Two (1980), and
Wagner (1983), a role he said he was born to play, after his success in
Equus, but his last movie performance as O'Brien in the 1984 film adaptation of
George Orwell's novel
Nineteen Eighty-Four was critically acclaimed.
At the time of his death, Burton was preparing to film
Wild Geese II (1985) in Berlin, the sequel to
The Wild Geese (1978). Burton was to reprise the role of Colonel Faulkner, while his friend Sir
Laurence Olivier was cast as
Rudolf Hess. Burton was replaced by
Edward Fox, and the character changed to Faulkner's younger brother.
Oscars
He was nominated six times for an
Academy Award for Best Actor and once for an
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor - but he never won. From 1982, he and
Becket co-star
Peter O'Toole shared the record for the male actor with the most nominations (7) for a competitive acting Oscar without ever winning. In 2007, Peter O'Toole was unsuccessfully nominated for an eighth time, for
Venus (however, O'Toole also received an "honorary" Academy Award in 2003).
Television
Burton rarely appeared on television, although he gave a memorable performance as
Caliban in a televised production of
The Tempest for The
Hallmark Hall of Fame in 1960. Later appearances included the TV movie
Divorce His - Divorce Hers (1973) opposite then-wife
Elizabeth Taylor (a prophetic title, since their first marriage would be dissolved less than a year later), a remake of the classic film
Brief Encounter (1974) that was considered vastly inferior to the 1946 original, and a critically applauded performance as
Winston Churchill in
The Gathering Storm (1974). A critically panned film he made about the life of
Richard Wagner (noted only for having the only onscreen teaming of
Laurence Olivier,
John Gielgud and
Ralph Richardson in the same scene) was shown as a television miniseries in 1983 after failing to achieve a theatrical release, but Burton enjoyed a personal triumph in the American television miniseries
Ellis Island in 1984, receiving an
Emmy Award nomination for his final television performance.
Television played an important part in the fate of his
Broadway appearance in
Camelot. When the show's run was threatened by disappointing reviews, Burton and costar
Julie Andrews appeared on
The Ed Sullivan Show to perform the number
What Do The Simple Folk Do?. The television appearance renewed public interest in the production and extended its
Broadway run.
Late in his career, he played himself in an episode of the Television Show
The Fall Guy, repeating a stunt he made in 1970 when he and then-wife Elizabeth Taylor appeared as themselves on an episode of
Here's Lucy as part of his unsuccessful campaign to win the Oscar for his nominated performance in
Anne of the Thousand Days.
In 1997, archive footage of Burton was used in the first episode of the television series
Conan.
Personal life
Burton was married five times, first to Sybil Williams from 1949 to 1963, and had two children with Williams, actress
Kate Burton and Jessica Burton. He was married twice, consecutively, to
Elizabeth Taylor (
15 March 1964 –
26 June 1974 and
10 October 1975 –
29 July 1976). Their second marriage occurred sixteen months after their divorce, in the
Chobe National Park,
Kasane,
Botswana. The relationship between them portrayed in
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was popularly likened to Burton and Taylor's real-life marriage.
On the Parkinson show in 1974, Burton admitted to
homosexual experiences as a young actor on the London stage in the 1950s. He also suggested that perhaps all actors were latent homosexuals, and "we cover it up with drink". In 2000 a biography of Elizabeth Taylor suggested that Burton may have had an affair with
Laurence Olivier. Burton was also notorious for his unrestrained pursuit of women while filming. Joan Collins wrote that when she rejected his on-set advances he embarked on a series of liaisons with other women including an elderly black maid who, according to Collins was 'almost toothless'. Collins playfully told Burton that she believed he'd sleep with a snake if he'd the chance, to which Burton is alleged to have replied 'only if it was wearing a skirt, darling.'
He was an insomniac and a notoriously heavy drinker. However, ongoing back pain and a dependence upon pain medications have been suggested as the true cause of his misery. He was also a heavy smoker from the time he was just eight years old, sustaining at least three packs of cigarettes a day.
His father, also a heavy drinker, refused to acknowledge the son's talents, achievements and acclaim.
Awards and Nominations
Academy Award
BAFTA Award
Nominated: Best Actor, Look Back in Anger (1960)
Won: Best Actor, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1967)
Won: Best Actor, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1967)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Taming of the Shrew (1968)
Emmy Award
Nominated: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Special, Ellis Island (1985)
Golden Globe Award
Won: Most Promising Newcomer - Male, My Cousin Rachel (1953)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Look Back in Anger (1960)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Becket (1965)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1967)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, The Taming of the Shrew (1968)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Anne of the Thousand Days (1970)
Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Equus (1978)
Tony Award
Nominated: Best Actor - Play, Time Remembered (1959)
Won: Best Actor - Musical, Camelot (1961)
Nominated: Best Actor - Play, Hamlet (1964)
Won: Special Award (1976)
Filmography
Stage career
Measure for Measure (1944)
Druid's Rest (1944)
Castle Anna (1948)
The Lady's Not For Burning (1949)
The Lady's Not For Burning (1950)
A Phoenix Too Frequent (1950)
The Boy With A Cart (1950)
Legend of Lovers (1951)
The Tempest (1951)
Henry V (1951)
Henry IV (1951)
Montserrat (1952)
The Tempest (1953)
King John (1953)
Hamlet (1953)
Coriolanus (1953)
Hamlet (1953)
Twelfth Night (1953)
Henry V (1955)
Othello (1956)
Time Remembered (1957)
Camelot (1960)
Hamlet (1964)
A Poetry Reading (1964)
Doctor Faustus (1966)
Equus (1970)
Camelot (1980)
Private Lives (1983)
War of the Worlds (1978)Further Information
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